a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Assets, Average size of households, Agricultural labourers
Beggars, Banking services, Building, Bathroom within the house
Choropleth analysis, City Towns, Car, Census House, Closed drainage
Dependent, Drinking Water Source
Non-Workers, No drainage connectivity
Other Non-workers, Owned, Ownership, Open drainage, Outside premises
Phone, Permanent Houses, Pensioners, Pit latrine
Symbolic analysis, Students, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, Semi-permanent houses, Source type of drinking water, Source of lighting
Worker, Non-Workers, Water closet latrine, Waste Water connection, Within premises
For more information about the data go here .
The main economic questions in the census still 1921 were related to livelihood or occupation of means of subsistence of each worker. The concept of ‘income' was introduced in 1931 and continued till 1951. Thereafter, from the 1961 Census, ‘Work' formed the basis for collection of economic data. The minimum period for which a person may have been employed for being qualified to be a ‘Worker', however, varied over censuses. Persons not engaged in any economic activity were treated as ‘Non-workers'. The division of entire population into three categories, ‘Main Workers', ‘Marginal Workers' and ‘Non-workers' adopted at 1981 for recoding the economic activity of a person continued for 2001 census also. Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. Reference period of determining a person as worker and non-worker is one year preceding the date of enumeration. Persons in the age-group 0-4 years have been treated as ‘Non-workers'
Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) were termed as Main Workers.The Census 2001 defined a ‘Main worker' to be one who had participated in any economically productive activity for a period of more than six months, at any time during the reference period of preceding one year. A person who had worked for less than six months during the reference period was defined as ‘Marginal worker'. ‘Work' included even part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. A person who did not work at all during the reference period was treated as ‘Non-Worker'.
Those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) were termed as Marginal Workers.
A person who did not work at all during the reference period was treated as a non-worker.
The non-workers broadly constitute:
Students who did not participate in any economic activity paid or unpaid,
Persons engaged in daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water etc.,
Persons not even helping in the unpaid work in the family cultivation or in family enterprise.
Dependent such as infants or very elderly people not included in the category of worker,
Pensioners drawing pension after retirement and not engaged in any economic activity,
Beggars , vagrants, prostitutes and persons having unidentified source of income and with unspecified sources of subsistence not engaged in any economically productive work during the reference period, and
Other Non-workers who may not come under the above categories such as renters, persons living on remittances, agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, interest or dividend; convicts in jail or inmates of penal, mental or charitable institutions doing no paid work and persons who were seeking/available for work.
This category includes all students including those who were taking part-time classes, correspondence course, attending literacy centres, etc. and were not engaged in any economically productive work.
Explanation:
Daughters who were helping in the household work though they were studying full-time were recorded as ‘Student' and not as doing ‘Household duties'. Married women, normally attending to household duties, who were full-time students were also required to be recorded as ‘Student' and not as doing ‘Household duties'.
A person who is attending to daily household chores like cooking, cleaning utensils, looking after children, fetching water, collecting fire wood, going to market, etc. were categorized as doing ‘Household duties'.
Explanation:
A housewife who was also a pensioner was to be classified as ‘Pensioner' and not doing ‘Household duties'. A beggar also attending to household duties, was classified as ‘Beggar' and not as doing ‘Household duties'. Similarly, a person attending to ‘Household duties' but was also seeking/available for work was categorized under ‘Other'.
This category included dependents such as infants or children not attending school or persons permanently disabled from work because of illness or old age.
Explanation:
a) Dependent included even able-bodied persons who could not be categorized in any other category of Non-workers but are dependent on others. However, if such a person who was dependent on others for subsistence but was seeking/available for work, she or he had to be categorized as ‘Other'.
b) If a girl or an old woman was attending to household duties she was to be categorized as doing ‘Household duties' rather as ‘Dependent'. Many persons may be ‘Dependent' in the general sense of the word but may also be studying or doing household duties or looking for work. In such cases, they were to be entered as ‘Student' or doing ‘Household duties' or ‘Other' non-worker, as the case may be, and not as ‘Dependent'.
A person drawing pension after retirement from service and doing no other work, i.e., not employed again in some work or not engaged in any other work such as cultivation, business, trade, etc. was qualified to be a Pensioner.
Explanation:
All persons do not receive pension after retirement. Some retired persons may have received a lump sum amount as retirement benefit and earning income from the interest or dividend on reinvesting this money. Such persons were classified to be in the category ‘Other' and not under ‘Pensioner'. This category included persons who received ‘Old age pension' under some social benefit scheme of the government as also the persons receiving ‘Freedom fighters pension', etc. Widows receiving pension after their husband's death were also included under this category.
This category covered Beggars and Vagrants. It includes Prostitutes and persons having unidentified source of income and those with unspecified sources of subsistence not engaged in any economically productive work.
Explanation:
A person in this category who was also a student was classified as ‘Student' and not a ‘Beggar'. Beggars or other persons in this category attending to household duties also were categorized as ‘Beggar' and not under ‘Household duties'.
This category included all ‘Non-workers' and ‘Marginal workers' not covered under any of the above five categories. It includes renters or persons living on remittances, agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, interest or dividend; convicts in jail or inmates of penal, mental or charitable institutions doing no paid work and persons who were seeking/available for work.
Explanation:
a) A boy or girl who had completed education or had stopped studying and was looking for work was categorized as ‘Other'. A person who was merely spending her/his time at home as a dependent and was neither doing any work nor was seeking or available for work qualified only to be a ‘Dependent'. A person irrespective of age, educated or otherwise, if not engaged in any other activity but was seeking or available for work was also included in this category.
b) A person who was a renter or living on agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, interest or dividend, remittances or a person (other than pensioner) who secures income for which she/he did not have to work was also included in the category ‘Other'
Marginal Workers
Census 2001 recorded 89.2 million Marginal Workers, at the national level, as against 28.2 million in 1991. Since no census was conducted in Jammu & Kashmir in 1991, the comparative figures of Marginal Workers at the national level, excluding Jammu & Kashmir, in 2001 are 88.1 million. This translates to a growth of 212.4 % in the Marginal Workers at the national level (excluding Jammu & Kashmir) during 1991-2001. The increase is phenomenal and is largely attributable to better canvassing of the ‘Household Schedule' through special efforts made at 2001 census to capture even small amount of work done by people.
Statement 1 gives, at the national level, the proportion of the main non-economic activity of Marginal workers to total Marginal workers by broad age-groups, for the Total, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the main religious communities as per 2001 census.
At the national level 54% of the Marginal workers, of which females are 78.9%, are reported to be in the non-economic activity ‘Household duties'. Such proportion in the category ‘Student' is 5.7%. Looking at the broad age group, 36.4 % marginal workers in the age-group 5-14 years are reported to be ‘Student'. It would be interesting to note the differentials in the proportion between males (45.3%) and females (28.7%) in this category. In the category of ‘Household duties' the proportion of Marginal workers increase with age and, as expected has the preponderance of females over the males. In the category ‘Dependent' the highest proportion of marginal workers are from the younger age group 5-14 and the elderly aged 60+. Similar trends are apparent for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes categories of population.
A ‘household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person should be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out whether it is a household or not, is a common kitchen. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households. In a few situations, it may become difficult to apply the definition of household strictly as given above. For example, a person living alone in a census house whether cooking or not cooking meals is treated as a household. Similarly, if husband and wife or a group of related persons are living together in a census house but not cooking their meals, is also constitute a normal household. Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Households For the household based tables, a normal household has been presumed to be a Scheduled Caste Household when head of the household belongs to a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe household when head of the household belongs to a Scheduled Tribe.
Group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, jails, ashrams, orphanages, etc. To make the definition more clearly perceptible to the enumerators at the Census 2001, it was specifically mentioned that this category of households would cover only those households where a group of unrelated persons live in an institution and share a common kitchen.
A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, jails, ashrams, orphanages, etc. If in a building which is occupied by an Institutional Household, the families of the warden and the peon are also living in separate census houses and cooking for themselves separately, then each of the family is treated as separate household and the houses occupied by them is treated as separate census houses. In this situation there will be one building, three census houses and three households i.e. one Institutional Household and two Normal Households. If a group of unrelated persons, sharing a common kitchen, is found living in a census house which is not an institution, such a household does not form an Institutional Household but is treated like other Normal household
The data in tables on Houses, Household Amenities and Assets are presented separately for rural and urban areas. The unit of classification in this regard is ‘town' for urban areas and ‘village' for rural areas. In the Census of India 2001, the definition of urban area adopted is as follows:
a)All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc.
b)A place satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously:
i)a minimum population of 5,000;
ii) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
iii) a density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile).
For identification of places which would qualify to be classified as ‘urban' all villages, which, as per the 1991 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a population density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural activity were considered.
To work out the proportion of male working population referred to above against b)(ii), the data relating to main workers were taken into account. Apart from these, the outgrowths (OGs) of cities and towns have also been treated as urban under ‘Urban Agglomerations': Examples of out-growths are railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military camps, etc. that may have come up near a statutory town or city but within the revenue limits of a villages or villages contiguous to the town or city. Each such individual area by itself may not satisfy the demographic criteria laid down at (b) above to qualify it Concepts and Definitions
To be treated as an independent urban unit but may deserve to be clubbed with the towns as a continuous urban spread. Thus, the town level data, wherever presented, also includes the data for outgrowths of such towns.
With population of 1,00,000 and above are called cities
‘Building' is generally a single structure on the ground. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, schools, places of entertainment. It is also possible that buildings which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence, etc. Usually a structure will have four walls and a roof. But in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall. Such is the case of conical structures where entrance is also provided but they may not have any walls. Therefore, such of the conical structures are also treated as separate buildings
A ‘census house' is a building or part of a building used or recognised as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non- residential purpose or both.In certain peculiar situations, the manner in which buildings and census houses were identified for numbering in the field by the enumerators is described hereunder:Sometimes a series of different buildings are found along a street which are joined with one another by common walls on either side looking like continuous structure. These different units are practically independent of one another and are likely to have been built at different times and owned by different persons. In such cases, though the whole structure with all the adjoining units apparently appears to be one building, each portion was treated as a separate building and its constituent units as separate census houses. On the other hand, one may come across cases, particularly in large cities of multistoried ownership flats. In these cases while the structure looks like one building, different persons own the flats. In case of such multistoried structures, having a number of flats owned by different persons, the entire structure was treated as one building and each flat as a separate census house. If within a large enclosed area, there are separate buildings owned by different persons then each such building is treated as a separate building. There can be a situation where within an enclosed compound there are separate buildings owned by an undertaking or company or even government that are actually in occupation of different persons. For example, Indian Oil Corporation colony where the buildings are owned by the Corporation but these are in occupation of their employees. Each such building was treated as a separate building. But if in any one of these buildings there were flats in occupation of different households, each such flat was reckoned as a separate census house. Sometimes it becomes difficult to apply the definition of census house strictly in certain cases. For example, in an urban area, if a flat has five rooms, each room having direct entrance from the common staircase or courtyard. By definition, this has to be treated as five census houses. If all these five rooms are occupied by a single household it was not realistic to treat them as five census houses. In such a case, ‘singleness' of use of these rooms along with the main house should be considered and the entire flat was treated as one census house. On the other hand, if two independent households occupy these five rooms, the first household living in 3 rooms and the second household occupying 2 rooms, then considering the use, the first three rooms together were treated as one census house and the remaining rooms as another census house. But if each room was occupied by an independent household, then each such room was treated as a separate census house. In case of hostels, hotels, etc., even if the door of each room in which an inmate lives opens to a common verandah, staircase, courtyard or a common room, as it happens almost invariably, the entire hostel / hotel building was treated as one census house. But if such hostels / hotels have out-houses or other structures used for different purposes or the same purpose, then each such structure attached to the main hostel / hotel was treated as a separate census house. In some parts of the country, in rural areas, the pattern of habitation is such that a group of huts, located in a compound, whether enclosed or unenclosed, is occupied by one household. While the main residence may be located in one hut, other huts may be used for sleeping, as a kitchen, bath room. Though each of the huts was a separate structure, they form a single housing unit and therefore, have to be treated collectively as one building and one census house. If some of the huts are used by one household and the others by a second household as residence, then the two groups of huts were treated as separate census houses. However, if there were also other huts in the compound used for other purposes and not as part of the household's residence such as, cattle shed, work shed, etc., these were treated as separate census houses. On the other hand, in urban areas, where more than one structure within an enclosed or open compound (premises) belonging to the same person, e.g., the main house, the servant's quarter, the garage, etc., only one building number was given for this group and each of the constituent a separate census house number. Only cases where a structure with roof and pillars has come up was treated as a building.
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes
Article 341 of the Constitution provides that the President may, with respect to any State or Union territory, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory. Article 342 similarly provides for specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which are to be deemed for the purposes of the Constitution to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to the various States and Union territories. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Castes and / or Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State and Union territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union territory and not outside.It was ascertained if the head of the household belonged to a Scheduled caste or a Scheduled Tribe. If in reply to this question, the answer was in the affirmative, the name of caste / tribe to which the head of the household belonged was ascertained. Only if the name of caste / tribe returned by the respondent appeared in the list that was made available to the enumerator, she or he was treated as belonging to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe. If the head of household returns herself / himself as Scheduled Caste, her / his religion was also ascertained. This is mainly because Scheduled Caste can be only from Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists and not from any other religion. But a member of Scheduled Tribe may belong to any religion. This question was not asked in the case of Institutional Households.
Scheduled Caste Household
A household was treated as a Scheduled Caste household when its head belonged to a Scheduled Caste
Scheduled Tribe Household
A household was treated as a Scheduled Tribe household if its head belonged to a Scheduled Tribe
Type of Census Houses
The data on types of Census Houses were not actually collected during the House listing Operations. These have been classified according to the types of material used in the construction of wall and roof of the house entered by enumerator in the House list Schedule. The basis of their classification is described hereunder.
Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent materials. The material of walls can be any one from the following, namely, galvanized iron sheets or other metal sheets, asbestos sheets, burnt bricks, stones or concrete. Roof may be made of from any one of the following materials, namely, tiles, slate, galvanized iron sheets, metal sheets, asbestos sheets, bricks, stones or concrete.
Houses in which both walls and roof are made of materials, which have to be replaced frequently. Walls may be made from any one of the following temporary materials, namely, grass, thatch, bamboo,plastic, polythene, mud, un burnt bricks or wood. Roof may be made from any one of the following temporary materials, namely, grass, thatch, bamboo, wood, mud, plastic or polythene.
Houses in which either the wall or the roof is made of permanent material and the other is made of temporary material. Serviceable temporary houses: Temporary houses in which wall is made of mud, unburned bricks or wood.Non-serviceable temporary houses: Temporary houses in which wall is made of grass, thatch, bamboo, etc., plastic or polythene
Ownership status of Census Houses
If a household is occupying the census house owned by itself and is not making payments in the form of rent to anyone, then the household has been considered as living in owned house. A household living in a flat or a house taken on ‘ownership' basis on payment of installments, has also been regarded as owning the house, notwithstanding the fact that all the installments have not been paid.
A household has been treated as living in rented house if rent is paid or contracted for by the household in cash or even in kind.
The households neither living in owned houses nor rented houses have been included in this category. This includes the cases where rent free accommodation is provided to employees by their employers or where the ownership either of the land or of the structure does not belong to the household, i.e., houses constructed on encroached land in un regularised slums or anywhere else
The data were collected on eight types of drinking water source.
Tap
Hand pump
Tube well
Well
Tank / Pond / Lake
River / Canal
Spring and Any other source
The type of source, which is availed of more during the greater part of the year, has been recorded. Hand pump means where the water is taken out manually by operating. Tube well means where sub-soil water is taken out through electricity or diesel pump.
Location of Drinking Water Source
The type of drinking water source is treated within the premises if the type of drinking water source used is located within the house or within the premises of the census house where the household lives. Near the premises: The type of drinking water source is considered
Outside premises include‘Near premises' and ‘Away'
Near the premises
The type of drinking water source is treated within the type of source used is located within a range of 100 metres from the premises of the census house in urban areas and within a distance of 500 metres in the case of rural areas.
Away
For the households living in urban areas, the type of drinking water source is considered ‘Away' if the type of drinking water source used is located beyond 100 metres from the premises of the census house. For households living in rural areas, the type of drinking water source is considered ‘Away', if they have to cover a distance of more than 500 metres to fetch the drinking water.
The information on the source of lighting in the houses occupied by the households has been collected on six sources. These are: Electricity, Kerosene, Solar, Other oil, Any other and No lighting. The actual source of lighting used for greater part of the year has been collected for each household.
Availability of latrine within the house
The latrines attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night soil are reckoned as pit latrines.
The sanitary water flush latrines are those latrines that have water closets fitted with flushing cistern. Such latrines that may be connected to a septic tank or an underground sewerage system will also be recorded as water closet latrines. The faecal matter from these types of latrines is removed without the need for scavenging.
Other latrine
During the actual House listing Operations the data were collected on service latrines also. Service latrines are dry type of latrines from where human excreta is removed by scavengers. But in a few areas due to some conceptual problems at enumerator's / respondent's level some other type of latrines, which do not fall under the typical definition of service latrines, were also found to have been included in this type. Therefore, the data for this type are shown as‘Other latrine'. Thus, this category includes service latrines; latrines serviced by animals such as pigs, etc. and all latrines other than the pit and the water closet types of latrine.
No latrine
This category covers houses where no latrine of any kind is available to the household within the house. If the household is using sulabh-sauchalay or community latrine then it is construed that no latrine is available to the household within the house. However, in the case of multi-houses, if they are sharing a common latrine,latrine is considered as available to all the households occupying the house.
Connectivity of Waste Water Outlet
Connectivity to Closed drainage
The house is considered as having connectivity to closed drainage if it has water outlet connected to a closed drainage to carry away the waste water generated by the household(s)living in it.
The house is considered as having connectivity to open drainage if it has water outlet connected to an open drainage to carry away the waste water generated by the household(s)living in it.
Such of the houses where waste water outlets are not connected to any drainage system to carry away the waste water are included in this category.
The information was collected whether or not bathroom was available to the household within the house. The bathroom was considered as available if the household had an exclusive room used as a bathroom within the house. In cases where more than one household in any census house was sharing a common bathroom, the bathroom was considered as available to all the households living in that census house.
Meals could be cooked in a kitchen available as an exclusive and separate enclosure within the house or in a room used for other purposes also or this could be cooked outside the house in the open. If available kitchen was independent of any other use within the house, it was recorded as ‘available' or ‘Separate kitchen' and if not as an exclusive room for cooking, then ‘not available' or ‘no separate kitchen' was entered. If the available kitchen was shared by two or more than two households living in a common census house, this was considered as available to all the households in the house. If cooking was done in an unenclosed space within the house or its premises, the space used for cooking was not treated as a kitchen and in this case ‘cooking in open' was entered. In case due to exigencies of work or any other reason the household was not cooking in the census house, ‘no cooking' was recorded.
The type of fuel used for cooking by the household was ascertained and the one used mostly, was duly recorded. If the household was using more than one fuel for cooking, the predominant fuel used for cooking was recorded. Incase, if no cooking was done in the household, the answer was recorded accordingly. The data are available for the following types of fuels:
1. Firewood
2. Crop residue
3. Cow dung cake
4. Coal / Lignite / Charcoal
5. Kerosene
6. LPG
7. Electricity
8. Bio-gas
9. Any other
Firewood includes woods of different types such as timber, branches and trunk of trees and shrubs, etc. Typical examples of crop residue are crop produce such as cotton or pulse stems, paddy or wheat straw, etc
The availability of following assets in the household was ascertained and the particular item, if available in the household, ‘Yes' was entered and if not available, ‘No' was recorded :
1. Radio / Transistor
2. Television
3. Telephone
4. Bicycle
5. Scooter / Motor Cycle / Moped
6. Car / Jeep / Van
The enquiry was limited to their availability and not their number. The above assets were treated as available only if these were in reasonable working order.
Regarding availability of telephone , the concern of the enquiry was limited to its availability and not the source. Therefore, if the telephone was provided to any member of the user household by the government, corporate office, company, etc., this was treated as available. This facility was also considered available if the household was using a cellular mobile telephone.
A car or a jeep or a van was treated as available to the household if this was put to use by the members of the household for their own use.
The household was considered availing banking services if its head and / or any other member in the household was availing banking services provided by the bank or post office bank as a holder of any type of bank account. This covers all types of commercial banks such as nationalised banks, private banks, foreign banks and the co-operative banks. The credit and thrift societies did not form part of the banking system and as such these services were not covered under banking services.
Maps of coloured surfaces (or gray scales), scientifically termed “ choropleth maps ”, are used to represent one continuous or discrete numeric variable, excluding quantities or numbers. This type of map requires that spatial framework of the study area to be represented polygons. In order to show the variations in the study data on the geographic plan, each polygon is coloured. In order to do this, different classification methods can be applied to create class breaks for continuous variables and assign to each class selected colour in a continuous range, such as warm colours, cool tones or opposing shades. (Definition from Philcarto V3 english version.pdf)
Proportional circles maps are used to represent quantities or numbers. The use of this form of representation is more delicate than it might at first appear. (...)The difficulty resides partly in a high density of spatial units, resulting in overlapping circles which have to be managed: the smaller circles are placed in front of the larger ones and an outline allows the smaller circle to be distinguished when placed within the larger ones. (...)(Definition from Philcarto V3 english version.pdf)